In the 1700s science turned towards the use of electricty after Franklin determined that "charge" is the source of electrical force. French physicist Coulomb found the relation between charge and force where F(electricty) = k(electricty) q1 q2/(r^2) r^
Electrical force is proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the two charges.
F(electricty) = + r^ - repel
F(electricity) = - r^ - negative
The force two charges exert on a third is the vector sum of the forces each alone would exert. In fact, any number of charges, either positive or negative, have a total force of a vector sum
F = sum( ke qqi/ri^2 r^i)
Electric charge exerts electric force and obeys Coulomb's law of magnitude and sign of the electrostatic force between two idealized point charges.
Electricity resides in matter, solids, liquids, and gasses of the universe. Matter is electrical in nature as it is held together by the interaction between positive and negative forces.
Electricity is a fluid comprised of atoms held together by positive and negative charges.
At the core of every atom is a nucleus containing protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and electrons create a balance net electrical force that is neutral.
Ions are atoms that contain either too many protons or too many electrons.
Metals exhibit the properties of electricity, are malleable, ductile, and are capable of changing shape without breaking. Metals also have properties of luster and conducivity.
On an insulator, an electric charge stays where it is located. However, with a conductor the charge spreads throughout an object. This is because metals can be thought of as positive ions with loosely bound electrons. When two metallic ions are next to each other the electrons can pass easily from one ion to the next. The mobile electrons are known as conductor electrons and give metals their properties.
The Van de Graff generator is an electrostatic generator that uses a moving belt to create high voltage. However, the voltage of the generator may be larger than the voltage of lightning created by friction between ice particles in clowds, but due to capacitance, lighting is extremely destructive.
Electricity was first discovered through the use of Leyden jars or primative batteries. The electric capabilities of modern bateries are hundreds of thousads stronger than that those of Leyden jars.
Electricity resides in matter, solids, liquids, and gasses of the universe
Saturday, March 17, 2012
Lesson 27 Beyond the Mechanical Universe
Levi-Civita and Einstein exchanged letters concerning the Theory of Relativity because Levi-Civita had a strong basis in mathematics while Einstein has a basis in Physics. Levi-Civita found errors in Einstein's theory concerning tensors, or a generalized vector describing the magnetic field, and how those tensors change from coordinate system to coordinate system.
On the other hand, Franklin and Faraday revolutionized the sciences and paved the way for physics and many theories. Faraday discovered that like gravity, electricity and magnetism decrease with the square of the distance. Faraday also found tht any forces described by (1/r^2) must radiate outward. These forces repel and attract, and became known as electric and magnetic fields.
James Clark Maxwell built upon Faraday's discoveries and developed the electromagnetic field theory:
1.) integral(integral(E dA)) = q/E(o)
2.) integral(integral( B dA)) = 0
3.) integral(E dr) = -d (Phi)/dt
4.) integral(B dr) = Mu(o) (I + (Epsilon)(o) d(Phi)/dt)
All of these ideas flourished during the Industrial Revolution. Franklin expanded upon the field of electricity through the use of Leyden jars and found that a positive and negative electrical force will attract each other, and if the two forces are positive they will repel each other. Franklin developed the terms "positive charge" and "negative charge."
Luigi Galvani was the world's first neurobiologist and studied frog's legs and their response to an electrical charge.
As other resources faded out during the Industrial Revolution, electricity slowly achieved dominance.
Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic induction states that by increasing or decreasing the current in one electric circuit the changing magnetic field induced a current to flow in a second circuit.
Thomas Edison soon developed the phonograph, "ticker-tape," and the light bulb. This discovery led to the controversy and question of whether alternating or direct current would propel the world into the future.
Michelson set out to disprove Galileo's theory by discovering the absolute motion of the Earth. Michelson was the first American to win the Nobel Prize, however failed at his experiment because of the fact that regardless of motion, the same speed of light is always observed.
These numerous discoveries and perceptions led into the Theory of Relativity, Quantum Mechanics, past the mechanical universe, and beyond.
On the other hand, Franklin and Faraday revolutionized the sciences and paved the way for physics and many theories. Faraday discovered that like gravity, electricity and magnetism decrease with the square of the distance. Faraday also found tht any forces described by (1/r^2) must radiate outward. These forces repel and attract, and became known as electric and magnetic fields.
James Clark Maxwell built upon Faraday's discoveries and developed the electromagnetic field theory:
1.) integral(integral(E dA)) = q/E(o)
2.) integral(integral( B dA)) = 0
3.) integral(E dr) = -d (Phi)/dt
4.) integral(B dr) = Mu(o) (I + (Epsilon)(o) d(Phi)/dt)
All of these ideas flourished during the Industrial Revolution. Franklin expanded upon the field of electricity through the use of Leyden jars and found that a positive and negative electrical force will attract each other, and if the two forces are positive they will repel each other. Franklin developed the terms "positive charge" and "negative charge."
Luigi Galvani was the world's first neurobiologist and studied frog's legs and their response to an electrical charge.
As other resources faded out during the Industrial Revolution, electricity slowly achieved dominance.
Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic induction states that by increasing or decreasing the current in one electric circuit the changing magnetic field induced a current to flow in a second circuit.
Thomas Edison soon developed the phonograph, "ticker-tape," and the light bulb. This discovery led to the controversy and question of whether alternating or direct current would propel the world into the future.
Michelson set out to disprove Galileo's theory by discovering the absolute motion of the Earth. Michelson was the first American to win the Nobel Prize, however failed at his experiment because of the fact that regardless of motion, the same speed of light is always observed.
These numerous discoveries and perceptions led into the Theory of Relativity, Quantum Mechanics, past the mechanical universe, and beyond.
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