Controlling the flow of water has allowed civilizations to develop over the course of history. Similarly, electricity is a fluid whose flow can be controlled.
Inventors such as Thomas Edison developed ways to manipulate electricity to illuminate homes and also to produce and distribute electricity through wires and circuits.
The amount of light is determined by the amount of current measured in amps where 1 amp = 1 coulomb/second
Electric current I is the rate of flow of electric charge q, at any instant, the current is the same anywhere along the wire of the circuit. Electric charge is neither created nor destroyed along the way.
I = d/dt
Hans Christian Ørsted used a voltaic pile to deflect a magnetic needle with an electric current and discovered electromagnetism.
Through the use of a voltaic pile, Edison perfected the telegraph, a device where electric current causes a magnet to move in another location, thus enabling long distance communication.
In a telegraph, to prevent signal loss, if the voltage is increased in proportion to the distance.
Ohm's Law - to make a current flow through a conductor a voltage is needed. The current is always proportional to the voltage.
A constant of proportionality is called R or resistance.
V = IR is Ohm's Law
An element with resistance within a current is called a resistor.
Ohm's law does not hold true in all situations, however it is pratical in most.
The amount of electric current that flows through a resistor depends on the voltage drop across it, how wide, how long it is, and what it is made of.
The resistance of an electric resistor is proportional to its length, inversely proportional to its area and proportional to its resistivity to hinder the flow of electrons. This tendency to resist is something all materials have, but to varying degrees. Multiple resistors in a series are called resistor series and is analogous to lengthening the resistor.
Putting resistors side by side increases the area through which electrons can flow (known as resistors in parallel) and have a lower resistance than either one alone.
What resists the flow of electricity in a conductor? In a metal, electrons move constantly in different directions. The electrons orbit with the metal as if it were a molecule. This flow has no resistance and does not create a net flow in or out. If the conductor is in electrostatic equilibrium there is not electric field inside and no voltage difference. If a battery makes electric current flow, equilibrium is destroyed causing an electric field to form within the metal. Inside a perfect crystalline metal, the mobile electrons would continually accelerate. Impurities of crystals cause resistance by preventing acceleration of electrons.
As current flows through a resistor the energy that is turned into heat is equal to the amount of charge of flow multiplied by the change in potential. The rate of heating of power consumed is equal to IV. Using Ohm's law, power can be written as P = IV = I^2R or V^2/R
1 watt = 1 amp x a volt
Conservation of charge and of energy are derived from Ohm's law.
A capacitor in a circuit stores charge.
Time is equal to capacitance, or resistance for capacitor to empty.
Sunday, April 1, 2012
Lesson 32 The Electric Battery
To understand a battery, understand the process of making a metal. Begin with a positive ion, because it has a positive charge, it creates the potential energy of attraction for the missing electron. Place positive ions adjacent to one another. Add just enough electrons to make a neutral system and arrange in the form of a lattice to create a piece of metal. A positive test charge would detect no change in potential energy and therefore no force anywhere inside or outside the metal. A real electron inside the metal is acted on by all the ions and electrons except for itself, lending itself a net potential energy. If the electron is moved from one part of the metal to another, other electrons flow to replace it so it has the same potential energy everywhere. There is virtually no force preventing an electron from moving freely through the metal. Beyond the surface of the metal, there are no more ions or electrons to balance forces. So to push an electron outside of metal requires a powerful force, creating a real electric potential and leaving a net positive charge on the metal. The overall potential energy of a real electron drops sharply at the metals surface to a lower value that is the same everywhere inside.
The electrons of a metal also have kinetic energy, but not enough to escape. The amount of energy an electron would need to escape from a metal is known as the work function.
Volta developed the perpetual resevoir of electricity, or the electrophorous.
Galvani studied "animal electricity" using frog legs to which he discovered that nerve impulses which excite muscles into action are really electrical sigals which travel everywhere throughout the body.
Why is an electric impulse created when one metal touches another?
Each metal has a work function that keeps electrons from escaping. The work function of copper and zinc differ from one another by the electric potential IV. When two metals are brought into contact the barrier at the interface vanishes. The electrons are free to flow into the metal where they have lowered total energy. As electrons flow, the metal they leave becomes positively charged and the one they enter becomes negatively charged. This creates an electrostatic potential difference that balance the energy difference. The flow stops. If the metals are separated, each has a net electric charge and an electrostatic potential difference between them.
Volta did not have the luxury of the electron, so he developed the voltaic pile.
Suppose two different metals electrically charged from contact are placed in an electrolite, the metal has extra electrons, attracts positive ions from the solution whenever positive ions touch the surface they can extract excess electrons from the metal. Meanwhle, the other metal which lacks electrons attracts negative ions when negative ions reach the surface, the missing electrons can be replaced. So the electrolite drives the metals back to an electrically neutral position. If they were to make direct contact, a new surge of electrons would flow because of their difference in work fucnctions. Now, because of the electrolite, the surge does not cease. Electrons continue to flow from one metal to the other and they are continually replaced by the ions in the solution. Until there is no more chemical energy. This is known as the battery.
The electrons of a metal also have kinetic energy, but not enough to escape. The amount of energy an electron would need to escape from a metal is known as the work function.
Volta developed the perpetual resevoir of electricity, or the electrophorous.
Galvani studied "animal electricity" using frog legs to which he discovered that nerve impulses which excite muscles into action are really electrical sigals which travel everywhere throughout the body.
Why is an electric impulse created when one metal touches another?
Each metal has a work function that keeps electrons from escaping. The work function of copper and zinc differ from one another by the electric potential IV. When two metals are brought into contact the barrier at the interface vanishes. The electrons are free to flow into the metal where they have lowered total energy. As electrons flow, the metal they leave becomes positively charged and the one they enter becomes negatively charged. This creates an electrostatic potential difference that balance the energy difference. The flow stops. If the metals are separated, each has a net electric charge and an electrostatic potential difference between them.
Volta did not have the luxury of the electron, so he developed the voltaic pile.
Suppose two different metals electrically charged from contact are placed in an electrolite, the metal has extra electrons, attracts positive ions from the solution whenever positive ions touch the surface they can extract excess electrons from the metal. Meanwhle, the other metal which lacks electrons attracts negative ions when negative ions reach the surface, the missing electrons can be replaced. So the electrolite drives the metals back to an electrically neutral position. If they were to make direct contact, a new surge of electrons would flow because of their difference in work fucnctions. Now, because of the electrolite, the surge does not cease. Electrons continue to flow from one metal to the other and they are continually replaced by the ions in the solution. Until there is no more chemical energy. This is known as the battery.
Lesson 31 Voltage Energy and Force
Voltage (electric potential) is a measure of the electric charge. The following observation unveils the dilemma between electric force and potential. Electrons in a body are held together by only 3-5v, and batteries cannot shoot electric beams like the Van de Graaff generator.
The electric field is the negative derivative of potential.
v = -integral (E dr)
E = K(e) (q/r^2) r^
V = -K(e) integral (q/r^2 dr)
V = K(e) q/r
The integral of the electric field of a point charge is proportional to 1/r.
It requires no work to move a charge along a curve of constant potential.
The electric field is perpendicular to each equal potential at every point. Electric potential is the ability to do work by making electric charges flow, this potential is measured in volts.
The electric chair was one of the first uses of high voltage (neon lights)
Atoms, the basis of all matter is held together by electricity.
In every atom, the electric force binds negatively charged electrons to a positive nucleus. The nucleus can be considered a point charge even though it is comprised of protons and neutrons. One electron has exactly the amount of negative charge to balance with the positive charge, and result in a perfectly neutral atom.
The distance between the nucleus and the outermost electron is 1 Angstrom = 10^-8 cm.
All other electrons balance with all protons except one, and the remaining electron detects the electric field of the proton only 1 A(o) away.
The electric potential = 14.4 V
U = qV
because charge is negative, so is potential energy at 14.4eV, this must be overcome to remove an electron from an atom:
If an atom and a 100,000 V vandegraph fight over an electron the atom will win. This is not
because of voltage, but force. The derivative of potential energy.
The force of the atom is 100,000 times stronger than that of the Van de Graaff.
In lightning, the molecules of air are momentarily ionized leaving a gas of positive molecular ions and negative electrons called a plasma. The electric force between ions and electrons causes them to recombine into neutral matter giving off excess energy in the form of light.
In a neon light, the process is slowed to a continuous glow, but the electric field in a neon light cannot ionize matter.
The neon light and Van de Graaff generator ionize air through collisions that contains not electric force, but a few accidental electrons that hit other molecules. If the electric field is great enough, thus increasing acceleration and the distance between atoms is large enough, the electron can build enough energy to knock another electron off an atom. This causes a chain reaction due to higher acceleration and a spark.
The force of electricity depends on both voltage and charge. Voltage, energy, and force hold the universe together.
The electric field is the negative derivative of potential.
v = -integral (E dr)
E = K(e) (q/r^2) r^
V = -K(e) integral (q/r^2 dr)
V = K(e) q/r
The integral of the electric field of a point charge is proportional to 1/r.
It requires no work to move a charge along a curve of constant potential.
The electric field is perpendicular to each equal potential at every point. Electric potential is the ability to do work by making electric charges flow, this potential is measured in volts.
The electric chair was one of the first uses of high voltage (neon lights)
Atoms, the basis of all matter is held together by electricity.
In every atom, the electric force binds negatively charged electrons to a positive nucleus. The nucleus can be considered a point charge even though it is comprised of protons and neutrons. One electron has exactly the amount of negative charge to balance with the positive charge, and result in a perfectly neutral atom.
The distance between the nucleus and the outermost electron is 1 Angstrom = 10^-8 cm.
All other electrons balance with all protons except one, and the remaining electron detects the electric field of the proton only 1 A(o) away.
The electric potential = 14.4 V
U = qV
because charge is negative, so is potential energy at 14.4eV, this must be overcome to remove an electron from an atom:
If an atom and a 100,000 V vandegraph fight over an electron the atom will win. This is not
because of voltage, but force. The derivative of potential energy.
The force of the atom is 100,000 times stronger than that of the Van de Graaff.
In lightning, the molecules of air are momentarily ionized leaving a gas of positive molecular ions and negative electrons called a plasma. The electric force between ions and electrons causes them to recombine into neutral matter giving off excess energy in the form of light.
In a neon light, the process is slowed to a continuous glow, but the electric field in a neon light cannot ionize matter.
The neon light and Van de Graaff generator ionize air through collisions that contains not electric force, but a few accidental electrons that hit other molecules. If the electric field is great enough, thus increasing acceleration and the distance between atoms is large enough, the electron can build enough energy to knock another electron off an atom. This causes a chain reaction due to higher acceleration and a spark.
The force of electricity depends on both voltage and charge. Voltage, energy, and force hold the universe together.
Lesson 30 Capacitance and Potential
In 1745, Pieter van Musschenbroek, wanted to make an electric field solution and developed the Leyden jar.
Benjamin Franklin interpreted the Lyden jar and developed an electric theory concerning charge.
In the vacinity of a positive charge, the electric force repels a positive test charge, and an external force is needed to push the charge closer doing work against the electrical force, a positive force (work) if the component does work that is opposite to the electric force.
dW = -F dr
It is known as negative work if it has a component along the force and no work at all if the motion is perpendicular to the electric force.
The net work is found by
integral (dw) = integral (-F dr)
delta (w) = -integral (F dr)
The net work is delta (U) or the change in potential energy of the test charge.
delta (U) = -integral ( F dr)
F = qE
The electric force is the charge multiplied by the electric field.
delta (U) = q delta (V)
delta (V) = -integral (E dr) or the change in electric potential concerning only the path of the charge through the field. it is measured in volts.
Before the electric field, Franklin theorized the electric atmosphere where all objects contain electrical fluid, where objects with too much fluid have a positive charge and objects with too little fluid have a negative charge. Franklin understood that electric charge in never created nor destroyed, but flows from one object to the next.
All objects with a net electrical charge produce an electricl field. If objects contain both positive and negative charges, the electric field exists, but is small in nature, and renders the object with a neutral charge. Inside metals, there is not static electricity because all the charged atoms of the metal are attracted to the surface and prevent further movement.
positive charge: >U
negative charge: <U
where q is proportional to V
A battery can create an electric field where -- as electricity flows between two conductors -- the difference in potential energy is equivalent to the voltage of the battery, and creates an electric field.
q = CV
The charge transfered is proportional to the voltage applied, and the constant of proportionality is C (capacitance).
Franklin revolutionized physics by discovering that electric force is neither created nor destroyed, but transfered from source to source according to the electric charge.
A capacitor can be made with any two pieces of metal. A parallel plate capacitor with two sheets of opposite charge create an electric field between themselves, with the total amount of voltage proportional to distance between the two plates. A parallel plate capacitor was present within Leyden jars.
Benjamin Franklin interpreted the Lyden jar and developed an electric theory concerning charge.
In the vacinity of a positive charge, the electric force repels a positive test charge, and an external force is needed to push the charge closer doing work against the electrical force, a positive force (work) if the component does work that is opposite to the electric force.
dW = -F dr
It is known as negative work if it has a component along the force and no work at all if the motion is perpendicular to the electric force.
The net work is found by
integral (dw) = integral (-F dr)
delta (w) = -integral (F dr)
The net work is delta (U) or the change in potential energy of the test charge.
delta (U) = -integral ( F dr)
F = qE
The electric force is the charge multiplied by the electric field.
delta (U) = q delta (V)
delta (V) = -integral (E dr) or the change in electric potential concerning only the path of the charge through the field. it is measured in volts.
Before the electric field, Franklin theorized the electric atmosphere where all objects contain electrical fluid, where objects with too much fluid have a positive charge and objects with too little fluid have a negative charge. Franklin understood that electric charge in never created nor destroyed, but flows from one object to the next.
All objects with a net electrical charge produce an electricl field. If objects contain both positive and negative charges, the electric field exists, but is small in nature, and renders the object with a neutral charge. Inside metals, there is not static electricity because all the charged atoms of the metal are attracted to the surface and prevent further movement.
positive charge: >U
negative charge: <U
where q is proportional to V
A battery can create an electric field where -- as electricity flows between two conductors -- the difference in potential energy is equivalent to the voltage of the battery, and creates an electric field.
q = CV
The charge transfered is proportional to the voltage applied, and the constant of proportionality is C (capacitance).
Franklin revolutionized physics by discovering that electric force is neither created nor destroyed, but transfered from source to source according to the electric charge.
A capacitor can be made with any two pieces of metal. A parallel plate capacitor with two sheets of opposite charge create an electric field between themselves, with the total amount of voltage proportional to distance between the two plates. A parallel plate capacitor was present within Leyden jars.
Lesson 29 The Electric Field
Michael Faraday developed the idea of the electric field as lines of constant electric force radiating everywhere throughout space (known as the field theory).
Charles Augustine Coulomb:
F(e) = K(e) (q1q2/r^2) r^
where the electric force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between two charges.
The Universal Law of Gravitation also follows a similar principle where F(g) = -G (m1m2/r^2)r^. This law led to the development of the theory and phrase "action at a distance" where bodies such as the earth and sun directly apply force to one another over copius kilometers.
F(e) = K(e) (q1q2/r^2) r^
F(g) = -G (m1m2/r^2)r^
F(m) = K(m) (p1p2/r^2)r^
All these laws have a force that decreases with the square of the distance.
The inverse square law is related to a simple geometric characteristic of space, known as flux, where intensity alpha = 1/r^2 describing the radiating light of the sun.
Faraday set out to solve the scientific mystery of why a compass needle spins to a perpendicular position from an electric charge, and developed an electric motor.
Anywhere in the vacinity of an electric charge a small test charge experiences a force. If it is due to only one charge the pattern of forces detected by the test charge is simple where similar forces repel and opposite forces attract.
The pattern of forces is present in a space as a field and can be expressed mathematically
F = sum (K(e) (qqi/ri^2) r^i)
The force that acts on a test charge at each point in space is equal to the test charge times a quantity of the other charges. That quantity is the electric field F = qE E= sum (K(e) (qqi/ri^2) r^i)
The 1/r^2 force between electric charges suggest that the force must be applied by something radiating outward from charges, something which like light from the sun never stops and never ends in space. These forces take characteristics of lines that never cross or angle. This electric field force is stronger near charges where lines (vectors) are close together and weak where the lines are far apart.
Gauss developed the mathematics of the Electric field theory through Gauss's Law:
for any closed surface total flux is proportional to the net electric charge inside. If there's no net charge inside a surface, any positive flux outward through it, must be balanced by inward, negative flux.
This law applies to light, gravitational fields, magnetic fields, and electric fields.
An electric field passing through a conductor forces the electrons to flow until they pile up at the surface repelling further motion of electron. The electric fiel inside any conductor becomes equal to zero when electrostatic equilibrium is established. Therefore, a closed surface inside the conductor has no flux through it, so the net charge inside must be zero, bu there can be charge at the surface. No matter what is outside, the surface charge makes the electric field inside equal to zero.
A metal box of any kind can keep out an electric field, known as the Faraday cage. This explains why drivers lose radio reception when passing through tunnels or bridges.
Gauss's law proves the theory of the center of mass.
Maxwell worked to express the electric field in mathematical terms.
Charles Augustine Coulomb:
F(e) = K(e) (q1q2/r^2) r^
where the electric force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between two charges.
The Universal Law of Gravitation also follows a similar principle where F(g) = -G (m1m2/r^2)r^. This law led to the development of the theory and phrase "action at a distance" where bodies such as the earth and sun directly apply force to one another over copius kilometers.
F(e) = K(e) (q1q2/r^2) r^
F(g) = -G (m1m2/r^2)r^
F(m) = K(m) (p1p2/r^2)r^
All these laws have a force that decreases with the square of the distance.
The inverse square law is related to a simple geometric characteristic of space, known as flux, where intensity alpha = 1/r^2 describing the radiating light of the sun.
Faraday set out to solve the scientific mystery of why a compass needle spins to a perpendicular position from an electric charge, and developed an electric motor.
Anywhere in the vacinity of an electric charge a small test charge experiences a force. If it is due to only one charge the pattern of forces detected by the test charge is simple where similar forces repel and opposite forces attract.
The pattern of forces is present in a space as a field and can be expressed mathematically
F = sum (K(e) (qqi/ri^2) r^i)
The force that acts on a test charge at each point in space is equal to the test charge times a quantity of the other charges. That quantity is the electric field F = qE E= sum (K(e) (qqi/ri^2) r^i)
The 1/r^2 force between electric charges suggest that the force must be applied by something radiating outward from charges, something which like light from the sun never stops and never ends in space. These forces take characteristics of lines that never cross or angle. This electric field force is stronger near charges where lines (vectors) are close together and weak where the lines are far apart.
Gauss developed the mathematics of the Electric field theory through Gauss's Law:
for any closed surface total flux is proportional to the net electric charge inside. If there's no net charge inside a surface, any positive flux outward through it, must be balanced by inward, negative flux.
This law applies to light, gravitational fields, magnetic fields, and electric fields.
An electric field passing through a conductor forces the electrons to flow until they pile up at the surface repelling further motion of electron. The electric fiel inside any conductor becomes equal to zero when electrostatic equilibrium is established. Therefore, a closed surface inside the conductor has no flux through it, so the net charge inside must be zero, bu there can be charge at the surface. No matter what is outside, the surface charge makes the electric field inside equal to zero.
A metal box of any kind can keep out an electric field, known as the Faraday cage. This explains why drivers lose radio reception when passing through tunnels or bridges.
Gauss's law proves the theory of the center of mass.
Maxwell worked to express the electric field in mathematical terms.
Saturday, March 17, 2012
Lesson 28 Static Electricity
In the 1700s science turned towards the use of electricty after Franklin determined that "charge" is the source of electrical force. French physicist Coulomb found the relation between charge and force where F(electricty) = k(electricty) q1 q2/(r^2) r^
Electrical force is proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the two charges.
F(electricty) = + r^ - repel
F(electricity) = - r^ - negative
The force two charges exert on a third is the vector sum of the forces each alone would exert. In fact, any number of charges, either positive or negative, have a total force of a vector sum
F = sum( ke qqi/ri^2 r^i)
Electric charge exerts electric force and obeys Coulomb's law of magnitude and sign of the electrostatic force between two idealized point charges.
Electricity resides in matter, solids, liquids, and gasses of the universe. Matter is electrical in nature as it is held together by the interaction between positive and negative forces.
Electricity is a fluid comprised of atoms held together by positive and negative charges.
At the core of every atom is a nucleus containing protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and electrons create a balance net electrical force that is neutral.
Ions are atoms that contain either too many protons or too many electrons.
Metals exhibit the properties of electricity, are malleable, ductile, and are capable of changing shape without breaking. Metals also have properties of luster and conducivity.
On an insulator, an electric charge stays where it is located. However, with a conductor the charge spreads throughout an object. This is because metals can be thought of as positive ions with loosely bound electrons. When two metallic ions are next to each other the electrons can pass easily from one ion to the next. The mobile electrons are known as conductor electrons and give metals their properties.
The Van de Graff generator is an electrostatic generator that uses a moving belt to create high voltage. However, the voltage of the generator may be larger than the voltage of lightning created by friction between ice particles in clowds, but due to capacitance, lighting is extremely destructive.
Electricity was first discovered through the use of Leyden jars or primative batteries. The electric capabilities of modern bateries are hundreds of thousads stronger than that those of Leyden jars.
Electricity resides in matter, solids, liquids, and gasses of the universe
Electrical force is proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the two charges.
F(electricty) = + r^ - repel
F(electricity) = - r^ - negative
The force two charges exert on a third is the vector sum of the forces each alone would exert. In fact, any number of charges, either positive or negative, have a total force of a vector sum
F = sum( ke qqi/ri^2 r^i)
Electric charge exerts electric force and obeys Coulomb's law of magnitude and sign of the electrostatic force between two idealized point charges.
Electricity resides in matter, solids, liquids, and gasses of the universe. Matter is electrical in nature as it is held together by the interaction between positive and negative forces.
Electricity is a fluid comprised of atoms held together by positive and negative charges.
At the core of every atom is a nucleus containing protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and electrons create a balance net electrical force that is neutral.
Ions are atoms that contain either too many protons or too many electrons.
Metals exhibit the properties of electricity, are malleable, ductile, and are capable of changing shape without breaking. Metals also have properties of luster and conducivity.
On an insulator, an electric charge stays where it is located. However, with a conductor the charge spreads throughout an object. This is because metals can be thought of as positive ions with loosely bound electrons. When two metallic ions are next to each other the electrons can pass easily from one ion to the next. The mobile electrons are known as conductor electrons and give metals their properties.
The Van de Graff generator is an electrostatic generator that uses a moving belt to create high voltage. However, the voltage of the generator may be larger than the voltage of lightning created by friction between ice particles in clowds, but due to capacitance, lighting is extremely destructive.
Electricity was first discovered through the use of Leyden jars or primative batteries. The electric capabilities of modern bateries are hundreds of thousads stronger than that those of Leyden jars.
Electricity resides in matter, solids, liquids, and gasses of the universe
Lesson 27 Beyond the Mechanical Universe
Levi-Civita and Einstein exchanged letters concerning the Theory of Relativity because Levi-Civita had a strong basis in mathematics while Einstein has a basis in Physics. Levi-Civita found errors in Einstein's theory concerning tensors, or a generalized vector describing the magnetic field, and how those tensors change from coordinate system to coordinate system.
On the other hand, Franklin and Faraday revolutionized the sciences and paved the way for physics and many theories. Faraday discovered that like gravity, electricity and magnetism decrease with the square of the distance. Faraday also found tht any forces described by (1/r^2) must radiate outward. These forces repel and attract, and became known as electric and magnetic fields.
James Clark Maxwell built upon Faraday's discoveries and developed the electromagnetic field theory:
1.) integral(integral(E dA)) = q/E(o)
2.) integral(integral( B dA)) = 0
3.) integral(E dr) = -d (Phi)/dt
4.) integral(B dr) = Mu(o) (I + (Epsilon)(o) d(Phi)/dt)
All of these ideas flourished during the Industrial Revolution. Franklin expanded upon the field of electricity through the use of Leyden jars and found that a positive and negative electrical force will attract each other, and if the two forces are positive they will repel each other. Franklin developed the terms "positive charge" and "negative charge."
Luigi Galvani was the world's first neurobiologist and studied frog's legs and their response to an electrical charge.
As other resources faded out during the Industrial Revolution, electricity slowly achieved dominance.
Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic induction states that by increasing or decreasing the current in one electric circuit the changing magnetic field induced a current to flow in a second circuit.
Thomas Edison soon developed the phonograph, "ticker-tape," and the light bulb. This discovery led to the controversy and question of whether alternating or direct current would propel the world into the future.
Michelson set out to disprove Galileo's theory by discovering the absolute motion of the Earth. Michelson was the first American to win the Nobel Prize, however failed at his experiment because of the fact that regardless of motion, the same speed of light is always observed.
These numerous discoveries and perceptions led into the Theory of Relativity, Quantum Mechanics, past the mechanical universe, and beyond.
On the other hand, Franklin and Faraday revolutionized the sciences and paved the way for physics and many theories. Faraday discovered that like gravity, electricity and magnetism decrease with the square of the distance. Faraday also found tht any forces described by (1/r^2) must radiate outward. These forces repel and attract, and became known as electric and magnetic fields.
James Clark Maxwell built upon Faraday's discoveries and developed the electromagnetic field theory:
1.) integral(integral(E dA)) = q/E(o)
2.) integral(integral( B dA)) = 0
3.) integral(E dr) = -d (Phi)/dt
4.) integral(B dr) = Mu(o) (I + (Epsilon)(o) d(Phi)/dt)
All of these ideas flourished during the Industrial Revolution. Franklin expanded upon the field of electricity through the use of Leyden jars and found that a positive and negative electrical force will attract each other, and if the two forces are positive they will repel each other. Franklin developed the terms "positive charge" and "negative charge."
Luigi Galvani was the world's first neurobiologist and studied frog's legs and their response to an electrical charge.
As other resources faded out during the Industrial Revolution, electricity slowly achieved dominance.
Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic induction states that by increasing or decreasing the current in one electric circuit the changing magnetic field induced a current to flow in a second circuit.
Thomas Edison soon developed the phonograph, "ticker-tape," and the light bulb. This discovery led to the controversy and question of whether alternating or direct current would propel the world into the future.
Michelson set out to disprove Galileo's theory by discovering the absolute motion of the Earth. Michelson was the first American to win the Nobel Prize, however failed at his experiment because of the fact that regardless of motion, the same speed of light is always observed.
These numerous discoveries and perceptions led into the Theory of Relativity, Quantum Mechanics, past the mechanical universe, and beyond.
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